Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Oxford Medical Textbooks)

The Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology is an objective and readable text that covers the full speciality of obstetrics and gynaecology. This comprehensive and rigorously referenced textbook will be a vital resource in print and online for all practising clinicians.

Edited by a team of four leading figures in the field, whose clinical and scientific backgrounds collectively cover the whole spectrum of obstetrics and gynaecology with particular expertise in fetomaternal medicine and obstetrics, gynaecological oncology, urogynaecology, and reproductive medicine, the textbook helps inform and promote evidence-based practice and improve clinical outcomes worldwide across all facets of the discipline. The editors are supported by contributors who are internationally renowned specialists and ensure high quality and global perspective to the work.

Larger sections on the Basics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fetomaternal Medicine, Management of Labour, Gynaecological problems, and Gynaecological Oncology are complimented by specialist sections on areas such as Neonatal Care and Neonatal Problems, Reproductive Medicine, and Urogynaecology and Pelvic Floor Disorders to name a few. The evidence-based presentation of diagnostic and therapeutic methods is complemented in the text by numerous treatment algorithms, giving the reader the knowledge and tools needed for effective clinical practice.

The Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology is essential reading for obstetricians and gynaecologists, subspecialists, and trainees across the world.

• New in paperback edition of the Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• Objective and readable text that covers the full speciality of obstetrics and gynaecology.
• The evidence-based presentation of current diagnostic and therapeutic methods is complemented in the text by numerous treatment algorithms, giving the reader the knowledge and tools needed for effective clinical practice.
• Edited by a team of four leading figures in the field, whose clinical and scientific backgrounds collectively cover the whole spectrum of obstetrics and gynaecology with particular expertise in fetomaternal medicine and obstetrics, gynaecological oncology, urogynaecology, and reproductive medicine.
• Contributors who are internationally renowned specialists help ensure high quality and global perspective to the work.
• Essential reading for obstetricians and gynaecologists, subspecialists, and trainees across the world.

Section 1: Basics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1: Basic science in obstetrics and gynaecology, Stergios Doumouchtsis
2: Ethics in obstetrics and gynaecology, Frank A. Chervenak and Laurence B. McCullough
3: Clinical anatomy of the pelvis and the reproductive organs, Thomas Ind
4: Genetics for the obstetrician and gynaecologist, Adonis Ioannides
5: Clinical governance, Leroy Edozien
6: Preconceptional medicine, Carmen Binding and Mahantesh Karoshi
7: Obesity in obstetrics and gynaecology practice, Tahir Mahmood
Section 2: Fetomaternal Medicine
8: Maternal physiology, Nicola Vousden and Andrew H. Shennan
9: The placenta, Eric Jauniaux, Amarnath Bhide, and Graham J. Burton
10: Fetal Growth, Jane E. Hirst and Aris T. Papageorghiou
11: Prenatal diagnosis, Ana Piñas Carrillo and Amar Bhide
12: Cardiac disease in pregnancy, Philip Steer
13: Diabetes in pregnancy, Michael Permezel and Alexis Shub
14: Renal disease in pregnancy, David Williams
15: Haematological disorders in pregnancy, Amanda Ali and Hassan Shehata
16: Thrombosis and embolism in pregnancy, Ian A. Greer
17: Infections and immunisation in pregnancy, Austin Ugwumadu
18: Psychiatric disorders in pregnancy, Arianna Di Florio and Ian Jones
19: Fetal therapy, Caitriona Monaghan and Basky Thilaganathan
20: Multiple pregnancy, Surabhi Nanda and James P. Neilson
21: Hypertensionby, Laura A. Magee and Peter von Dadelszen
22: Antepartum haemorrhage, Gbemisola Okunoye and Justin C. Konje
23: Endocrine and liver diseases in pregnancy, Catherine Williamson
24: Neurological disorders in pregnancy, Judith Wagner and Tim J. von Oertzen
25: Respiratory disorders in pregnancy, Catherine Nelson-Piercy and Stephen Lapinsky
Section 3: Management of Labour
26: The management of labour, Devendra Kanagalingam
27: Fetal monitoring during labour, Vikram Sinai Talauliker and Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
28: Obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia, Sohail Bampoe and Anthony Addei
29: Obstetric emergencies, Kiren Ghag, Cathy Winter, and Tim Draycott
30: Preterm labour, Angharad Care and Zarko Alfirevic
31: Prolonged pregnancy, Kate F. Walker and Jim G. Thornton
32: Malpresentation, malposition, and cephalopelvic disproportion, Deirdre J. Murphy
33: Obstetric procedure, Yvonne Kwun Yue Cheng and Tak Yeung Leung
34: Stillbirth, David A. Ellwood and Vicki Flenady
35: Postpartum care and problems in the puerperium, Stephen J. Robson
36: Induction of labor, Andrew Weeks and Julia P. Polk
Section 4: Neonatal Care and Neonatal Problems
37: Neonatal care and neonatal problems, Vimal Vasu and Neena Modi
Section 5: Gynaecological Problems and Early Pregnancy Loss
38: Miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage, Vikram Sinai Talaulikar and Mushi Matjila
39: Ectopic pregnancy, Mayank Madhra and Andrew W. Horne
40: The menstrual cycle, Lucy H. R. Whitaker, Karolina Skorupskaite, Jacqueline A. Maybin, and Hilary O. D. Critchley
41: Menstrual disorders, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhoea, Ian S. Fraser and Marina Berbic
42: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Zhongwei Huang and Eu Leong Yong
43: Pelvic inflammatory disease, Gillian Dean and Jonathan Ross
44: Chronic pelvic pain, Jacqueline Pui Wah Chung and Tin Chiu Li
45: Endometriosis, Arne Vanhie and Thomas D'Hooghe
46: Menopause, Jenifer Sassarini and Mary Ann Lumsden
Section 6: Surgical Procedures and Postoperative Care
47: Laparoscopy, Stephanie S. Anduriputri, Stephen D. Lyons and Jason A. Abbott
48: Hysteroscopy, O. A. O'Donovan and Peter J. O'Donovan
Section 7: Benign Disease of the Uterus
49: Benign disease of the uterus, Sahana Gupta and Isaac Manyonda
Section 8: Benign Disease of the Vulva
50: Benign disease of the vulva, Rosalind Simpson and David Nunns
Section 9: Reproductive Medicine
51: Infertility, Siladitya Bhattacharya Smriti Bhatta
52: Assisted reproduction, William Ledger
Section 10: Sexual and Reproductive
53: Contraception, Zephne M. van der Spuy and Petrus S. Steyn
54: Termination of pregnancy, Hang Wu Raymond Li and Pak Chung Ho
55: Violence against women and girls, Tonye Wokoma and Stephen Lindow
Section 11: Urogynaecology and Pelvic Floor Disorders
56: Pelvic organ prolapse, Suneetha Rachaneni, Anupreet Dua, and Robert Freeman
57: Urinary incontinence, Jay Iyer and Ajay Rane
58: Faecal incontinence and anorectal dysfunction, Karen Nugent
59: Childbirth trauma, Stergios Doumouchtsis
60: Female sexual dysfunction, Ganesh Adaikan
Section 12: Gynaecological Oncology
61: Cancer screening and prevention in gynaecology, Lynette Denny and Rengaswamy Sankaranarayan
62: Premalignant and malignant disease of the cervix, Walter Prendiville
63: Uterine cancer, Nomonde H. Mbatani and Dominic G. D. Richards
64: Ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneum cancer, Jonathan A. Ledermann and Christina Fotopoulou
65: Premalignant and malignant disease of the vulva and vagina, Linda Rogers, Maaike Oonk, and Ate van der Zee
66: Gestational trophoblastic tumours, Hextan Y. S. Ngan, Karen K. L. Chan, and Siew-Fei Ngu
67: Chemotherapy and biological, targeted, and immune therapies in gynaecological cancers, Stephanie Lheureux and Amit M. Oza
68: Radiation therapy in the management of gynaecological cancers, Anthony Fyles, Anuja Jhingran, David Gaffney, Dustin Boothe, Marco Carlone, and Tim Craig
69: Palliative care, Joanna M. Cain and Shelley M. Kibel
70: Pathology of tumours of the female genital tract, Jaime Prat
71: Premalignant disease of the genital tract in pregnancy, Andy Nordin and Manas Chakrabarti
72: Cancer in Pregnancy, Matthys Hendrik Botha

Edited by Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, Foundation Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's University of London, London, UK; and Visiting Professor, Institute of Global Health, Imperial College, London, UK, William Ledger, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of New South Wales; and Director of Reproductive Medicine, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia, Lynette Denny, Professor, Special Projects in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town, South Africa, and Professor Stergios Doumouchtsis, Honorary Senior Lecturer, St George's University of London, London, UK; Visiting Professor, University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine; and Associate Clinical Professor, American University of the Caribbean, School of Medicine

Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran is a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Nicosia Medical School, Professor Emeritus at St George's, University of London, and Visiting Professor, Institute of Global Health at Imperial College, London. His research and clinical interests are in understanding and improving the quality of life for women and new-born babies. In recognition of Services to medicine and health he was awarded the Knight Bachelor by Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom in her Birthday Honours List in June 2009. He is former president of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2012-2015), the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2007-2010) and the British Medical Association (2013-2014). Sir Arulkumaran was the editor-in-chief of 'Best Practice and Research in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology' since 1998 for 20 years and a member of the editorial board of many international obstetric and gynaecological journals.

Professor William Ledger is the Head and Professor of the Discipline of Women's Health in the School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, and Director of Reproductive Medicine at the Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia. He is a senior fertility specialist, obstetrician and gynaecologist, and was the Chair and Head of the Academic Unit for Reproductive and Developmental Medicine at the University of Sheffield, UK until 2011.

Lynette Denny is Professor, Special Projects in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town. Her research interest for the past 15 years has been in preventing cervical cancer in low resource settings and she has published widely on the subject. She was awarded the Distinguished Scientist for Improving the Quality of Life of Women by the South African Department of Science and Technology in 2006 and is a rated scientist by the National Research Foundation of South Africa. She was the first recipient of the Shoprite Checkers SABC 2 Women of the Year award for Science and Technology in 2004. She was also awarded the Order of the Baobab (silver) by the President of South Africa for distinguished service to the country in November 2021.

Professor Stergios Doumouchtsis is a Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, and RCOG accredited Subspecialist Urogynaecologist in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Epsom, and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust. He is a Honorary Reader at St George's University of London, Clinical Professor at Ross University School of Medicine, Associate Clinical Professor at the American University of the Caribbean, School of Medicine and Visiting Professor at the University of Athens, Medical School. Professor Doumouchtsis has been a member of several national and international scientific and professional committees, working groups and professional societies. He has authored over 100 peer-reviewed articles, over 40 book chapters and has edited or co-edited 3 medical books. Professor Doumouchtsis has participated as a member of organising and scientific committees and as an invited speaker and chairman in national and international conferences.

Contributors:

Jason A. Abbott, Gynaecological Research and Clinical Evaluation (GRACE) Group, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney; and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Ganesh Adaikan, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore

Anthony Addei, Consultant Anaesthetist, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Zarko Alfirevic, Professor of Fetal and Maternal Medicine; Head of Department; Associate Pro- Vice-Chancellor (Clinical); and Director of Harris- Wellbeing Preterm Birth Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Amanda Ali, Consultant Obstetrician and Maternal Medicine Specialist, Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK

Stephanie S. Andriputri, Gynaecological Research and Clinical Evaluation (GRACE) Group, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney; and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Mary Ann Lumsden, Professor of Medical Education and Gynaecology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, Foundation Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of
Nicosia, Cyprus; Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's University of
London, London, UK; and Visiting Professor, Institute of Global Health, Imperial College, London, UK

Sohail Bampoe, Consultant Anaesthetist, University College London Hospital, London, UK

Marina Berbic, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, School of Women's and Children's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Hospital for Women and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Smriti Bhatta, Aberdeen Fertility Centre, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

Siladitya Bhattacharya, Aberdeen Fertility Centre, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

Amarnath Bhide, Consultant in Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Carmen Binding, Postgraduate Medical Resident, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Dustin Boothe, Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Matthys Hendrik Botha, Associate Professor and Head of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa

Graham J. Burton, The Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Joanna M. Cain, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Radiation Oncology; and Vice Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

Angharad Care, Clinical PTB Research Fellow, Harris-Wellbeing Research Centre for Preterm Birth, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Marco Carlone, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Ana Piñas Carrillo, Consultant Obstetrician, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Manas Chakrabarti, Gynaecological Oncologist, Columbia Asia Hospital, Kolkata, India

Karen K. L. Chan Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong

Yvonne Kwun Yue Cheng, Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Frank A. Chervenak, Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell and Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA

Jacqueline PuiWah Chung, Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Tim Craig, Assistant Professor, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Hilary O. D. Critchley, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Thomas D'Hooghe, Lab of Experimental Gynaecology, G-PURE Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven University, Belgium

Gillian Dean, Consultant HIV and Sexual Health, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK

Lynette Denny, Professor, Special Projects in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaeoncology, University of Cape Town; and Director, South African Medical Research Council, Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, South Africa

Arianna Di Florio, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Stergios Doumouchtsis, Honorary Senior Lecturer, St George's University of London, London, UK; Visiting Professor, University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine; and Associate Clinical Professor, American University of the Caribbean, School of Medicine, USA

Anupreet Dua, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Sub-specialist Urogynaecologist, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK

Leroy C. Edozien, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK

David A. Ellwood, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Griffith University, Queensland; and Director of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Australia

Vicki Flenady, Director of the Centre of Research Excellence in Stillbirth (Stillbirth CRE), Mater Research Institute, Mater Hospital, Brisbane; and Honorary Professor, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Christina Fotopoulou, Consultant Gynaecological Oncologist, Faculty of Medicine, Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK

Ian S. Fraser, Conjoint Professor, School of Women's and Children's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Hospital for Women; and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Robert Freeman, Consultant in Urogynaecology, University Hospitals, Plymouth; and Hon Professor Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, and Urogynaecology, Plymouth, Devon, UK

Anthony Fyles, Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada

David Gaffney, Academic Program Manager, Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Kiren Ghag, Obstetrics Clinical Research Fellow, Department of Women's Health, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK

Ian A. Greer, President and Vice Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK

Sahana Gupta, Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK

Jane E. Hirst Senior Fellow in Perinatal Health, Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

Pak Chung Ho, Emeritus Professor and Honorary Consultant, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China

Andrew W. Horne, Professor of Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Zhongwei Huang, Deputy Director, Undergraduate Medication Education for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Associate Consultant, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Singapore, National University Health Systems, Singapore

Thomas Ind, Gynaecological Surgeon, Royal Marsden and St George's Hospital, London, UK

Jay Iyer, Consultant and Senior Lecturer, Advanced Laparoscopic and Pelvic Floor Surgeon, Director AGES Advanced Laparoscopic Fellowship Program, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Townsville and Mater Hospitals, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

Eric Jauniaux, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK

Anuja Jhingran, Professor, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Ian Jones, Professor of Psychiatry, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Devendra Kanagalingam, Senior Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

Mahantesh Karoshi, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Royal Free London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Shelley M. Kibel, Private Palliative Care Practice, Cape Town, South Africa; previously Medical Director, St Luke's Hospice, Kenilworth, South Africa

Justin C. Konje, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Weill Cornell Medical College, Qatar; and Executive Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar

Stephen Lapinsky, Professor of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Jonathan A. Ledermann Professor of Medical Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute; Director of Cancer Research UK; and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK

William Ledger, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of New South Wales; and Director of Reproductive Medicine, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia

Tak Yeung Leung, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Stephanie Lheureux, Assistant Professor, University of Toronto; and Clinician Investigator, Gynecology, Drug Development Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada

Hang Wun Raymond Li, Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Tin Chiu Li, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Stephen Lindow, Hon Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Stephen D. Lyons, Gynaecological Research and Clinical Evaluation (GRACE) Group, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney; and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Mayank Madhra, Fellow in Laparoscopic Surgery, Simpson Centre For Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Laura A. Magee, Professor of Women's Health, Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, Greater London, UK

Tahir Mahmood, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; and Clinical Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

Isaac Manyonda, Professor and Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's University of London; and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Mushi Matjila, Associate Professor and Consultant, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Jacqueline A. Maybin, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Nomonde H. Mbatani, Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town; and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Laurence B. McCullough, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA

Neena Modi, Professor of Neonatal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London and Chelsea London, UK

Caitriona Monaghan, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Subspecialist Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland; and Professor of Neonatal Medicine, Consultant Neonatologist, Imperial College London and Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Caitriona Monaghan, Consultant Obstetrician, Subspecialist Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Fetal Medicine, Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Deirdre J. Murphy, Professor of Obstetrics and Head of Department, Trinity College, University of Dublin; and Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

Surabhi Nanda, Consultant in Maternal Fetal Medicine, Honorary Senior Lecturer, Women's Services, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College, London, UK

James P. Neilson, Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Professor of Obstetric Medicine, Women's Academic Health Centre, King's Health Partners, London, UK

Hextan Y. S. Ngan, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong

Siew-Fei Ngu, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong

Andy Nordin, Gynaecological Oncologist and Lead Clinician for Cancer, East Kent Hospitals University Foundation NHS Trust, Margate, UK

Karen Nugent, Senior Lecturer, Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
David Nunns, Consultant Gynaecological Oncologist, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK

Gbemisola Okunoye, Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Senior Attending Physician, Weill Cornell Medical College, Qatar; and Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
Peter J. O'Donovan, Consultant Gynaecologist, Yorkshire Clinic, West Yorkshire, UK

O. A. O'Donovan, GP Trainee, Airedale General Hospital, West Yorkshire, UK

Maaike Oonk, Gynaecological Oncologist, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Amit M. Oza, Professor, University of Toronto; and Co-Director, Drug Development Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada

Aris T. Papageorghiou, Professor in Fetal Medicine and Obstetrics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London; and Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

Michael Permezel, Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

Julia P. Polk, Consultant Obstetrician Gynaecologist, The Permanente Medical Group (Kaiser Permanente), Walnut Creek, California, USA

Jaime Prat, Emeritus Professor, Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Walter Prendiville, Professor, Consultant Gynaecologist and Director of Screening, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre (UPMC), Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

Suneetha Rachaneni, Consultant in Gynaecology and Subspecialist in Urogynaecology, Gynaecology, Shrewsbury and Telford Hospitals NHS Trust, Shropshire, West Midlands, UK

Ajay Rane, Professor and Head, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

Dominic G. D. Richards, Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town; and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Stephen J. Robson, President, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia

Linda Rogers, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town; and SAMRC Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Jonathan Ross, Professor of Sexual Health and HIV, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Sukhwinder Sahota, Specialist Registrar, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK

Rengaswamy Sankaranarayan, Screening Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

Jenifer Sassarini, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Hassan Shehata, Consultant Obstetric Physician and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Women's Health, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, and St George's Medical School, London, UK

Andrew H. Shennan, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College, London, UK

Alexis Shub, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Rosalind Simpson, Clinical Research Fellow, Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Karolina Skorupskaite, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Philip Steer, Emeritus Professor, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; and Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

Petrus S. Steyn Honorary, Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Vikram Sinai Talaulikar, Associate Specialist, Reproductive Medicine Unit, University College London Hospital, London, UK

Basky Thilaganathan, Consultant and Director, Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; and Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK

Jim G. Thornton, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

Austin Ugwumadu, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist; and Clinical Director of Women's Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's University Hospitals, London, UK

Zephne M. van der Spuy, Emeritus Professor and Senior Scholar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Ate van der Zee, Professor of Gynecological Oncology and Vice President Board of Directors, University Medical Center Gronigen, University of Gronigen, and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Antonius Deusinglaan, The Netherlands

Arne Vanhie, Leuven University Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium; and Lab of Experimental Gynaecology, G-PURE Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven University, Belgium

Vimal Vasu, Consultant in Neonatal Medicine, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Peter von Dadelszen, Professor of Global Women's Health, Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, Greater London, UK

Tim J. von Oertzen, Neurologist and Head of Department, Department of Neurology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinik, Linz, Austria

Nicola Vousden, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College, London, UK

Judith N. Wagner, Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinik, Linz, Austria

Kate F. Walker, Clinical Assistant Professor in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham; and Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

Andrew Weeks, Professor of International Maternal Health, Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK

Lucy H. R. Whitaker, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

David Williams, Obstetric Physician, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK

Catherine Williamson, Professor of Women's Health, King's College London, London, UK
Cathy Winter, Senior Research Midwife, Women and Children's Health, North Bristol NHS Trust and PROMPT Maternity Foundation, Bristol, UK

Tonye Wokoma, Consultant Sexual and Reproductive Health, Community Gynaecology, Sexual and Reproductive Health, Conifer House, City Healthcare Partnership, Hull, UK

Eu Leong Yong, Professor, Senior Consultant, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Singapore, National University Health Systems, Singapore

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