Challenging Cases in Urological Surgery

From challenges presented in everyday clinical practice to the complex cases without simple answers, Challenging Cases in Urological Surgery is an effective reference and revision aid for trainees and consultants alike.

As part of the Challenging Cases series, cases are examined from a multidisciplinary approach considering all aspects of diagnostic, practical and evidence-based skills to provide a comprehensive and detailed demonstration of clinical investigation within real-world scenarios.

With contributions from over 40 experienced and renowned consultants from the UK, the opinions within the 'Expert Commentary' includes an insight into real world case management and problem solving in complex cases. Using the most up-to-date evidence and clinical presentations highlighted in the UK ISCP curriculum, this book features the use of 'Clinical Tips', 'Evidence Base' and 'Future Advances' text boxes to highlight critical information in an easy-to-read format for efficient and effective learning.

This book is split into 15 comprehensive sections; these include Urinary Tract Infection, Bladder Cancer, Male Infertility and Sexual Dysfunction and Emergency Urology and Trauma among other key areas in the field of Urology. Each chapter is a case-based guide which provides readers with practical yet clinically relevant advice on management of urological surgery cases.

With every-day clinical observations, controversial topics and challenging cases, this book is a highly valuable resource for all those interested in urological surgery, trainees in the field and those sitting postgraduate urology examinations.

• This book features contributions from over 40 experienced and renowned consultants from the UK.
• Covers clinical presentations and conditions highlighted in the UK ISCP curriculum and includes opinions and tips from experts based on self-experience and evidence.
• This highly-valuable resource is split into 15 comprehensive sections including, Urinary Tract Infection, Bladder Cancer, and Emergency Urology and Trauma, among other key areas in the field of Urology.

Section 1: Urinary Tract Infection
1.: Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections, Christopher K. Harding
2.: Prostatitis, Uwais Mufti and Ased Ali
Section 2: Urinary Tract Stones
3.: Renal Stones, Jonathan Glass
4.: Ureteric Stones, Lisa Bibby, Mostafa Sheba, Andrew Winterbottom, Andrea Lavinio, and Oliver Wiseman
5.: Bladder Stone Management, Siân Allen and Daron Smith
Section 3: Upper Urinary Tract Benign Disease
6.: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, Sanjeev Pathak and Neil Oakley
7.: Oncocytoma, Andrew Deytrikh, Georgina Reall, James Lenton, and Anthony Browning
Section 4: Prostate Cancer
8.: Localised Prostate Cancer, Omer Altan, Alastair Lamb, and Freddie C. Hamdy
9.: Oligo-metastatic Prostate Cancer, Francesco Claps, Fabio Traunero, Nicola Pavan, and Prasanna Sooriakumaran
10.: Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Prostate Cancer, Adnan Ali and Noel W. Clarke
Section 5: Bladder Cancer
11.: Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer, Samantha Conroy and Aidan P. Noon
12.: Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer, Samantha Conroy and James Catto
13.: Progression of High-grade Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer, Naomi L. Neal, Richard J. Bryant, and Andrew Protheroe
Section 6: Upper Tract Cancer
14.: Localised Renal Cancer with Inferior Vena Cava Tumour Thrombus, Tobias Klatte, Antony CP. Riddick, Grant D. Stewart, and Jose A. Karam
15.: Metastatic Renal Cancer, Joana Neves, Axel Bex, and Maxine Tran
16.: Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma, Richard Nobrega and Mark Sullivan
Section 7: Penile Cancer
17.: Localised Penile Cancer, Ian Eardley
18.: Advanced and Metastatic Penile Cancer, Hussain Alnajjar and Asif Muneer
Section 8: Testicular Cancer
19.: The Growing Teratoma Syndrome in Testis Cancer, Jennifer Clark, Thomas A Lee, and Vijay AC Ramani
20.: Metastatic Testicular Cancer: Residual Mass Post-chemotherapy and Survivorship, Findlay MacAskill and Archie Fernando
Section 9: Functional, Female and Neurourology
21.: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Acute Urinary Retention, Emma Papworth, Joseph Jelski, and Hashim Hashim
22.: Chronic Retention, Renal failure and Diuresis, Cherrie Ho, James Jenkin, and Marcus Drake
23.: Urge Urinary Incontinence, Pravisha Ravindra and Richard Parkinson
24.: Stress Urinary Incontinence, Rachel Barratt and Suzanne Biers
25.: Bladder Pain Syndrome, Altaf Mangera
26.: Female Urinary Retention, Pravisha Ravindra and Nikesh Thiruchelvam
27.: Neurogenic Bladder, Hazel Ecclestone, Rizwan Hamid, and Julian Shah
28.: Genitourinary Prolapse, Priyanka H. Krishnaswamy and Swati Jha
Section 10: Reconstruction
29.: Urethral Stricture Disease, Jamie V. Krishnan, Nadir I. Osman, and Christopher R. Chapple
30.: Urethral Diverticulum, Anudini Ranasinghe, Tamsin Greenwell, and Jeremy Ockrim
31.: Management of Ketamine-induced Bilateral Upper Urinary Tract Injury, Ishtiakul G. Rizvi and Mohammed Belal
32.: Vesicovaginal Fistula, Sachin Malde and Arun Sahai
Section 11: Male Infertility and Sexual Dysfunction
33.: Male Factor Infertility: Management of the Azoospermic Patient, Mathew Young and Oliver Kayes
34.: Erectile Dysfunction, James Tracey and Majid Shabbir
35.: Peyronie's Disease, Sarah Prattley and Rowland Rees
36.: Ejaculatory Orgasmic Disorders, Maria Satchi and David Ralph
Section 12: Emergency Urology and Trauma
37.: Testicular Torsion Controversies, Lona Vyas, Mohamed Noureldin, and Suk Minhas
38.: Priapism, Thomas Ellul, Nicholas Bullock, and Ayman Younis
39.: Renal Trauma, Hack Jae Lee, Chris Anderson, and Davendra M. Sharma
40.: Bladder and Ureteric trauma, Guglielmo Mantica, Pieter V. Spies, and André Van der Merwe
41.: Penile Fracture, Huw Garrod, Sacha Moore, Iqbal Shergill, and Christian Seipp
Section 13: Renal Transplantation
42.: Renal Transplantation, John M. O'Callaghan and James A. Gilbert
Section 14: Paediatric Surgery
43.: Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections and Non-neurogenic Neurogenic Bladder in Children, Martin Skott and Imran Mushtaq
44.: Undescended Testis, María S. Figueroa-Díaz, Kimberley Aikins, and Imran Mushtaq
45.: Neurogenic Bladder in Children, Sara Lobo, Kiarash Taghavi, and Imran Mushtaq
46.: Haemorrhagic Eschar of the Glans: A Case Study in the Myriad Manifestations of Urethral Pathology, Emily Decker, Kevin Cao, and Peter Cuckow
47.: Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children, María S. Figueroa-Díaz, Alexander Cho, and Imran Mushtaq
Section 15: Urological Radiology
48.: Acute Interventional Radiology Procedures in Urology, Yousef Shahin and Steven Kennish

Karl Pang and James Catto

Karl Pang is Specialist Registrar and Honorary Clinical Lecturer, Department of Oncology and Metabolism and Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK and is currently on the Specialist Urology Training programme in the Yorkshire and the Humber Deanery.

James Catto is Professor of Urological Surgery and Consultant Urological Surgeon, Department of Oncology and Metabolism and Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK and holds posts as Honorary Senior Clinical Research fellow at the University of Oxford and Honorary Clinical Professor, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London. He was awarded the European Association of Urology best thesis prize and the Bard medal from BAUS for his PhD studies.

Contributors:

Kimberly Aikens, Specialist Registrar in Paediatric Surgery. The Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Starship Children's Hospital, New Zealand

Adnan Ali, Clinical Research Fellow in Urological Surgery. Genito-Urinary Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester; FASTMAN Centre of prostate cancer excellence, Manchester Cancer Research Centre; Department of Surgery, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

Ased Ali, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, United Kingdom

Siân Allen, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Hussain Alnajjar, Consultant in Urological Surgery and Andrology. Male Genital Cancer Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Omer Altan, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK

Christopher Anderson, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Rachel Barratt, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Mohammed Belal, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Axel Bex, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Lisa Bibby, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Suzanne Biers, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Anthony Browning, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK

Richard J. Bryant, Associate Professor of Urological Surgery and Honorary Consultant in Urological Surgery. Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford Cancer Research Centre, University of Oxford; Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

Nicholas Bullock, Welsh Clinical Academic Track Fellow and Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK

Kevin Cao, Specialist Registrar in Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

James Catto, Professor of Urological Surgery and Honorary Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Oncology and Metabolism and Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield; Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Christopher R. Chapple, Professor and Consultant in Urological Surgery. Section of Reconstructive Urology, Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Sheffield; Visiting Professor, Sheffield Hallam University; Secretary General, European Association of Urology

Alexander Cho, Consultant in Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Francesco Claps, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Urology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Jennifer Clark, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust

Noel W. Clarke, Professor of Urological Oncology and Consultant in Urological Surgery. Genito-Urinary Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester; FASTMAN Centre of prostate cancer excellence, Manchester Cancer Research Centre; Department of Surgery, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Urology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

Samantha Conroy, NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow in Urological Surgery. Department of Oncology and Metabolism and Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield; Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Peter Cuckow, Professor of Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Paediatric Urology. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Emily Decker, Clinical Fellow in Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Andrew Deytrikh, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK

Marcus Drake, Professor of Physiological Urology and Consultant in Urological Surgery. Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust; University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Ian Eardley, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, St James's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

Hazel Ecclestone, Consultant in Urological Surgery. London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Thomas Ellul, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant, Wales, UK

Archie Fernando, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

María S. Figueroa-Díaz, Consultant in Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Urology. San Borja Arriarán Hospital, Santiago, Chile

Huw Garrod, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. The Alan De Bolla Wrexham Urology Department, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, North Wales, UK

James A. Gilbert, Consultant in Transplantation and Vascular Access Surgery. Oxford Transplant Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK

Jonathan Glass, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Tamsin Greenwell, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Freddie C. Hamdy, Nuffield Professor of Surgery and Professor of Urology. Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK

Rizwan Hamid, Consultant in Urological Surgery. University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London Spinal Cord Injury Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK

Christopher K. Harding, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK

Hashim Hashim, Consultant in Urological Surgery and Honorary Professor of Urology. Director of the Urodynamics Unit, Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK

Cherrie Ho, Registrar in Urological Surgery. Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK

Joseph Jelski, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucestershire, UK

James Jenkin, Registrar in Urological Surgery. Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK

Swati Jha, Consultant in Urogynaecology. Department of Urogynaecology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Jose A. Karam, Assistant Professor of Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Oliver Kayes, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, St James's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

Steven Kennish, Consultant in Uro-radiology. Department of Radiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Tobias Klatte, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bournemouth, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Jamie V. Krishnan, Registrar in Urological Surgery. Section of Reconstructive Urology, Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

Priyanka H. Krishnaswamy, Specialist Registrar in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Department of Urogynaecology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Alastair Lamb, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK

Andrea Lavinio, Consultant in Intensive care. Department of Anaesthesia, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK

Hack Jae Lee, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Thomas A. Lee, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust and Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

James Lenton, Consultant in Interventional Radiology. Department of Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds; Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK

Sara Lobo, Clinical Fellow in Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Findlay MacAskill, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Sachin Malde, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Altaf Mangera, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology and Princess Royal Spinal Cord Injuries Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Guglielmo Mantica, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

Suks Minhas, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Sacha Moore, Academic Foundation Trainee. The Alan De Bolla Wrexham Urology Department, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, North Wales, UK

Uwais Mufti, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK

Asif Muneer, Associate Professor in Urological Surgery and Consultant Urological Surgeon. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University College London Hospital; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK

Imran Mushtaq, Professor of Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Paediatric Urology. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Naomi L. Neal, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

Joana Neves, Clinical Research Fellow. Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College of London; Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Richard Nobrega, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

Aidan P. Noon, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Mohamed Noureldin, Clinical Fellow in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Neil Oakley, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

John M. O'Callaghan, Specialist Registrar in Transplant Surgery. Oxford Transplant Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK

Jeremy Ockrim, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Nadir I. Osman, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Section of Reconstructive Urology, Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Emma Papworth, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK

Richard Parkinson, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

Sanjeev Pathak, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Nicola Pavan, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Urology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Sarah Prattley, Clinical Fellow in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK

Andrew Protheroe, Associate Professor and Consultant in Medical Oncology. Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

David Ralph, Professor in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Vijay AC Ramani, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

Anudini Ranasinghe, Female Functional Reconstructive Fellow. Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Pravisha Ravindra, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

Georgina Reall, Consultant in Histopathology. Department of Histopathology, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK

Rowland Rees, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK

Antony CP. Riddick, Consultant in Urological Surgery and Lead Clinician for renal cancer. Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Ishtiakul G. Rizvi, Clinical Fellow in Functional Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Arun Sahai, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Maria Satchi, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust, Kent, UK

Christian Seipp, Consultant in Urological Surgery. The Alan De Bolla Wrexham Urology Department, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, North Wales, UK

Majid Shabbir, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Julian Shah, Consultant in Urological Surgery. King Edward VII's Hospital and London Spinal Cord Injury Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK

Yousef Shahin, NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer and Specialist Registrar in Interventional Radiology. Academic Radiology Unit, University of Sheffield; Department of Radiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Davendra M. Sharma, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Mostafa Sheba, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Iqbal Shergill, Consultant in Urological Surgery. The Alan De Bolla Wrexham Urology Department, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, North Wales, UK

Martin Skott, Clinical Fellow in Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Daron Smith, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Prasanna Sooriakumaran, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Uro-oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Santis Clinic, London, UK

Pieter V. Spies, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Division of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.

Grant D. Stewart, Professor of Surgical Oncology and Honorary Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge; Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Mark Sullivan, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

Kiarash Taghavi, Senior Registrar and Clinical Lecturer in Paediatric Urological Surgery. Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Children's Hospital; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Nikesh Thiruchelvam, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

James Tracey, Clinical Fellow in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Maxine Tran, Associate Professor in Renal Cancer and Honorary Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College of London; Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Fabio Traunero, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Urology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

André Van der Merwe, Professor in Urological Surgery. Division of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare Sciences, Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Lona Vyas, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Andrew Winterbottom, Consultant in Interventional Radiology. Department of Interventional Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Oliver Wiseman, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Matthew Young, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, St James's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

Ayman Younis, Consultant in Urological Surgery. Department of Urology, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, Wales, UK

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