Surgery of the Pediatric Spine

Ideal for neurosurgeons, pediatric neurosurgeons, and orthopaedic surgeons, Surgery of the Pediatric Spine is a comprehensive multidisciplinary reference for the surgical management of the most frequently encountered spine problems in the pediatric patient. An overview of developmental and clinical aspects provides essential information on biomechanics, neuroimaging, preoperative evaluation, anesthesia, and neurophysiological monitoring. The book goes on to present the surgical anatomy and various approaches to the spine and spinal cord. Chapters are grouped into easy-to-reference sections that are organized by type of problem, including congenital anomalies and developmental disorders; neoplasms; vascular malformations; inflammatory and infectious diseases; neuromuscular disease; trauma; and deformities. The book also presents special techniques for the treatment of spinal deformity, such as osteotomy, vertebrectomy, VEPTR expansion thoracoplasty, and fusionless techniques. A chapter devoted to the rehabilitation of children with spinal cord injury covers the principles and key concepts in treatment, as well as the possible secondary complications and challenges that are unique to pediatric patients.

Highlights:

Clinical insights from well-known experts in the fields of neurosurgery, pediatric neurosurgery, and orthopaedics

Detailed information for each stage of management guides the reader through clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, indications, operative techniques, nonsurgical treatments, possible complications, and outcomes

More than 1,000 illustrations and images demonstrate key concepts

Numerous cases in selected chapters illustrate management principles and treatment outcomes

An invaluable resource for multidisciplinary approaches to patient care, this comprehensive text provides readers with a solid foundation in the specific issues associated with treating the pediatric patient with spine disease and disorders.

Table of Contents


I. Development and clinical aspects of the pediatric spine
1. Neural and vertebral column embryogenesis
2. Biomechanics of the pediatric spine
3. Neuro and skeletal imaging studies of the pediatric spine
4. Clinical and pre-operatice evaluation
5. Anesthetic considerations in pediatric spinal procedures
6. Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
II. Surgical Anatomy and approaches to the spine and spinal cord
7. Neuroanatomy of the spinal cord
8. Cervical anatomy and approaches
9. Thoracic and lumbar anatomy and approaches
10. Lumbosacral junction and pelvis and approaches
III. Congenital anomalies and developmental disorders
11. Craniovertebral junction anomalies
12. Chiari malformations and synringomyelia
13. Open dysraphism: myelomeningocele
14. Closed dysraphism: lipmyelomeningocele
15. Dermal sinus
16. Diastematomyleia
17. Tethered cord syndrome
18. Intervertebral disc disease in adolescents
19. Congenital and Development Lumbar Stenosis
20. Spondylolysis and Spondylolithesis
IV. Neoplasms
21. Intramedullary spinal cord tumors
22. Extramedullary spinal cord tumor
23. Neurofibromatosis and the spine
24. Primary tumors of the spine
25. Metastatic tumors of the spine
V. Vascular Malformations of the Pediatric Spine
26. Spinal Cord AVM
27. Spinal Cord and dural Av fistulas
VI. Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases of the Pediatric Spine
28. Inflamatory disease of the spine
29. Spinal infection
30. Tuberculosis
VII. Pediatric and Neuromuscular Disease and Spinal Deformity
31. Overview of neuromuscular spine deformity and treatment
32. Spastic management
33. Muscular dystrophy
34. Cerebral palsy
35. Poliomyelitus
VIII. Pediatric Spinal Trauma and Surgical Management
36. Spinal cord injury in children evaluation and early treatment principles
37. Cervical spine trauma in children including SCIWORA
38. Thoracolumbar spine trauma in children
39. Injury modulation and spinal cord regeneration
IX. Pediatric Spinal Deformities and Treatment
40. Congenital scoliosis
41. Congential kyphosis
42. Spine deformity secondary to dysplasias and other diseases
43. Infantile and juvenile scoliosis
44. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
X. Special Techniques for Treatment of Spine Deformity
45. Non-surgical management of spinal deformities
46. Pediatric occipital cervical instrumentation
47. Anterior cervical instrumentation in pediatrics
48. Posterior cervical instrumentation in pediatrics
49. Posterior instrumentation for Thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar scoliosis
50. Instrumentation for kyphosis
51. Anterior instrumentation for Thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar scoliosis
52. Endoscopic and (min-open techniques) and fixations for idiopathic scoloiosis
53. Thorascopic release and fusion in the prone position
54. Osteotomies for correction of pediatric spine deformities
55. Vertebrectomy and posterior substraction osteotomies for correction of severe spinal deformity
56. Lumbosacral and sacropelvic fixation techniques
57. Surgical techniques for correction of spondylolisthesis
58. Expansion thoracoplasty and growing systems for complex young spine deformities
59. Fusionless surgery for spine deformity
60. Preop planning for revision surgery
XI. Rehabilitation
61. Rehabilitation after pediatic spinal surgery
62. Pediatric rehabilitation of children with spinal cord injury.

Author Affiliation

Daniel H. Kim, MD, F.A.C.S.
Professor and Director; Spinal Neurosurgery and Reconstructive Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA (Editor)

Randal Betz, MD
Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Editor)

Stephen L Huhn, MD
Associate Professor and Chief, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA (Editor)

Peter O. Newton, MD
Chairman, Orthopedic Surgery Department, Rady Children's Hospital and Health Center; Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Editor)

Bruce A. Kaufman, MD
Professor and Chief of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (Contributor)

Sean Lew, MD
Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA (Contributor)

Narayan Yogananda, PhD
Professor & Chairman of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA (Contributor)

Patrick Barnes, MD
Stanford University Medical Center, Dept. of Radiology-Diagnostic Radiology, Stanford, CA (Contributor)

Andy Herlich, DMD, MD
Director of Head and Neck Anesthesia, Dept. of Anesthesiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (Contributor)

Vedran Deletis, MD, PhD
Director, Intraoperatice Neurophysiology, Saint Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA (Contributor)

Francesco Sala, MD
Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision, Section of Neurosurgery, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy (Contributor)

Frederick A. Boop, MD
Chief, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Semes- Murphy Clinic, University of Tennessee Medical School, Memphis, TN 38104 (Contributor)

Sigurd H Berven, MD
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Contributor)

Arnold H. Menezes, MD
Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA (Contributor)

W. Jerry Oakes, MD
Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics and Chief, Dept. of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Childrens Hospital, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA (Contributor)

Keith E. Aronyk, MD
Associate Professor (Neurosurgery), Pediatric Neurosurgeon, University of Alberta department of surgery, Edmonton, Canada (Contributor)

Alexander R. Vaccaro, MD
Professor of Orthopaedics and Neurosurgery, The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Contributor)

Timothy M George, MD
Dell Childrens' Medical Center of Texas, Austin, TX (Contributor)

Hubert Labelle, MD
Hospital Sainte-Justine Ortho Dept, Montreal, QC, Canada (Contributor)

George I. Jallo, MD
Associate Professor, Dept. of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (Contributor)

Alexander Arkader, MD
Children's Orthopaedic Center; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine; USC; Los Angeles, CA (Contributor)

John P Dormans, MD
Orthopaedic Surgeon/Spine Surgeon, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (Contributor)

R. Michael Scott, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School (Contributor)

Gary K. Steinberg, MD, PhD
Lacroute-Hearst Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine (Contributor)

Po-Quang Chen, MD, PhD
Professor and Chief of Spinal Surgery, Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Contributor)

James T. Guille, MD
Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. (Contributor)

Linda Park D'Andrea, MD
Staff Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon, Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA (Contributor)

Rick Abbott, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Medical Center, 170 E. End Avenue, New York, NY 10128-7603 (Contributor)

John C. Y. Leong, MD
Orthopaedist, Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Hong Kong. Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China (Contributor)

Scott L. Simon, MD
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Contributor)

Jeffrey Russell Leonard, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA (Contributor)

David Limbrick, MD
Resident, Neurological Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA (Contributor)

David H. Clements, MD
Director, Spine Surgery, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA (Contributor)

Darryl Antonacci, MD
Dept. of Orthopaedics, Somerset Medical Center (Contributor)

Daniel John Hedequist, MD
Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA (Contributor)

John F. Sarwark, MD
Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL; Nothwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (Contributor)

Regis W. Haid Jr., MD
Atlanta Brain & Spine Care, Atlanta, GA, USA (Contributor)

Lawrence G Lenke, MD
The Jerome J. Gilden Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryWashington University Medical Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Saint Louis, MO (Contributor)

Devanand A. Dominique, MD
Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia PA (Contributor)

Thomas G. Lowe, MD
Orthopaedic Surgeon, Woodridge Clinic; University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO (Contributor)

Yasuhiro Shono, MD, PhD
Director, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Kushiro-shi, Hokkaido, Japan (Contributor)

Kiyoshi Kaneda, MD, PhD
Director General (Emeritus), Bibai Rosai Hospital, The Center for Spinal Disorders and Injuries, Biabi-City, Hokkaido, Japan (Contributor)

Behrooz A. Akbarnia, MD
University of California, San Diego, CA; San Diego Center for Spinal Disorders La Jolla, CA (Contributor)

Dan Sucato, MD
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, Dallas, TX (Contributor)

Andrew G. S. King, MD
Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgey, Louisiana State University Medical Center (Contributor)

Mary Jane Mulcahey
Director of Rehab Services, Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia PA (Contributor)

Joon Y. Lee, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pittsburgh (Contributor)

Mark Proctor, MD
Pediatric Neurosurgeon, Children's Hospital (Contributor)

Julie C. Leonard, MD, M.P.H., F.A.A.P.
Instructor in Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital (Contributor)

Marion L. Walker, MD
Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Utah/Primary Children's Medical Center (Contributor)

Cormac Maher, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan (Contributor)

John B. Emans
Director, Division of Spinal Surgery; Attending Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Children's Orthopaedic Surgical Foundation (Contributor)

Paul D. Sponseller, MD, M.B.A.
Professor and Chief of Pediatric Orthopaedics; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (Contributor)

Isador H. Lieberman, MD, M.B.A., F.R.C.S.©
Professor of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute (Contributor)

Chak-Bor Wong, MD
Attending Spine Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital No. 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan (Contributor)

Hoang N. Le, MD
Neurosurgeon, Southwest Washington Medical Center (Contributor)

Robert M. Campbell, Jr., MD
The President's Council/Dielmann Chair in Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Dept. of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (Contributor)

Tyler R. Koski, MD
Assistant Professor, Northwestern University Medical School (Contributor)

John T. Smith, MD
Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Primary Children's Medical Center (Contributor)

Randal R. Betz, MD
Chief of Staff, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia (Contributor)

Kevin P. McCarthy, MD
Adult and Pediatric Spine; Bone and Joint Clinic of Baton Rouge; Baton Rouge, LA (Contributor)

John M. Flynn, MD
Associate Chief of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Contributor)

Fernando E. Silva, MD
Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, IL, USA (Contributor)

Keith H. Bridwell, MD
Chief, Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis (Contributor)

David M. Wallach, MD
Stony Brook University, Department of Orthopaedics, HSC T-18 Room 047 (Contributor)

Richard C.E. Anderson, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center (Contributor)

Jeffrey Alan Pugh, B.Sc., MD
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta (Contributor)

Moe R. Lim, MD
Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill (Contributor)

Ravi Bhargava, MD, F.R.C.P.C.
Associate Professor, Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta (Contributor)

Juan Alzate, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Moulepiore Medical Center (Contributor)

John Ragheb, MD
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital (Contributor)

Sanjiv Bhatia, MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital (Contributor)

Andrew Jea, MD
Chief Resident, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital (Contributor)

J. Marc C. van Dijk, MD, PhD
Staff Neurosurgeon; Department of Neurosurgery; University Medical Center Groningen; Netherlands (Contributor)

Jonathan N. Grauer, MD
Assistant Professor, Yale University School of Medicine (Contributor)

Issada Thongtrangan, MD
Department of Orthopedics Surgery (Contributor)

Cary R. Templin, MD
Spine Fellow, University of California - San Diego, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Contributor)

Wen-Jer Chen, MD
Non-Surgical Management of Spinal Deformities, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine (Contributor)

Daniel Shedid, MD, MSc, FRCS©
Assistant Professor, University of Montreal, Neurosurgeon, Spine Surgery Unit, Centre Hospitalier del Universite de Montreal, Notre -Dame Hospital (Contributor)

Stephen L. Ondra, MD
Associate Professor, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Dept. of Neurological Surgery (Contributor)

Bert A. Coert, MD
(Contributor)

Bryan C. Oh, MD
Physician, Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (Contributor)

Jorge E. Alvernia, MD

MD
Resident; Department of Neurological Surgery; Tulane University Medical Center; New Orleans, LA (Contributor)

Eli M. Baron
Chief Resident; Department of Neurosurgery; Temple University Hospital; Philadelphia, PA (Contributor)

M. Gail Boltz, MD
Assistant Professor of Anesthesia; Department of Anesthesia; Stanford University Medical Center; Stanford, CA (Contributor)

Sarah Canale, BS
Research Coordinator; San Diego Center for Spinal Disorders; La Jolla, CA (Contributor)

Roderick M. Capelo, MD
Pediatric Orthopedic & Scoliosis Center; Children’s Hospital and Health Center; San Diego, CA (Contributor)

Chien-Ming Chao,
MD
Staff Surgeon; Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei, Taiwan, China (Contributor)

Ing-Ho Chen, MD
Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Tzu Chi Medical Center (Contributor)

Won-Ho Choo, MD
Visiting Scholar; Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford University Medical Center; Stanford, CA (Contributor)

Alan R. Cohen, MD; FACS; FAAP
Professor of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics; Chief of Pediatric Neurological Surgery; Interim Chairman; Department of Neurological Surgery; Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital; University Hospitals and Health System (Contributor)

Kurtus A. Dafford, MD
Resident; Department of Neurosurgery; Tulane University; New Orleans, LA (Contributor)

Carrie Diulus, MD
Senior Orthopaedic Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic, (Contributor)

Elizabeth T. Drum, MD; FAAP
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics; Temple University School of Medicine; Chief Anesthesiologist; Temple University Children’s Medical Center; Shriners Hospital for Children of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA (Contributor)

Michael Flippin, MD
Spine Fellow; San Diego Center for Spinal Disorders; La Jolla, CA (Contributor)

Richard F. Frisch, MD
Orthopaedic Resident; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Albert Einstein Medical Center; Philadelphia, PA (Contributor)

Tsai-Sheng (Sam) Fu, MD
Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery III, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. (Contributor)

Gary L. Gallia, MD, PhD
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Contributor)

Se-Hoon Kim, MD; PhD
Associate Professor; Department of Neurosurgery; Ansan Hospital; Korea University Medical Center (Contributor)

Daniel Kueter, MD
Department of Neurosurgery; University of Tennessee; Memphis, TN (Contributor)

Po-Liang Lai, MD
Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. (Contributor)

Nathan H. Lebwohl, MD
Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami Spine Institute, Miami, FL, USA (Contributor)

Max C. Lee, MD
Milwaukee Neurological Institute; Milwaukee, WI (Contributor)

YH Li, MBBS; MCh; FRCSE; FHKAM
Consultant; Honorary Associate Professor; Dept of Orthopaedics & Traumatology; The Duchess of Kent Children’s Hospital and University of Hong Kong; Pokfalum, Hong Kong (Contributor)

Angel Macagno, MD
Orthopaedic Coordinator; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Center for Spinal Disorders, Miami Children’s Hospital; Miami, FL (Contributor)

Vivek Mehta, MD; MSc; FRCSC; FACS
Assistant Professor; Department of Surgery; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Contributor)

Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong, MD
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery; Ste-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal; Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Contributor)

Addisu Mesfin, MD
Drexel University School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA (Contributor)

Jonathan P. Miller, MD
Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospitals and Health System; Cleveland, OH (Contributor)

Kei Miyamoto, MD, PhD
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery/ Spine Research, Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL (Contributor)

Michael F. O'Brien, MD
Orthopaedics Department, Miami Childrens' Hospital, Miami, FL, USA (Contributor)

Murat Pekmezci, MD
Department of Orthopedic Surgery; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA (Contributor)

Frank A. Pintar, PhD
Professor and Director; Department of Neurosurgery; VA Medical Center and Medical College of Wisconsin; Neuroscience Research Labs 151 (Contributor)

Gordon T. Sakamoto, MD
Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford University Medical Center (Contributor)

Karl M. Schmitt, MD
Clinical Instructor, Neurosurgery & Orthopedics, Yale Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Contributor)

Katsuji Shimizu, MD; DMSc
Professor and Chairman; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Gifu University; Gifu City, Gifu, Japan (Contributor)

Edward R. Smith, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School; The Children’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA (Contributor)

Brian D. Stemper, PhD
Assistant Professor; Department of Neurosurgery; Medical College of Wisconsin (Contributor)

Elizabeth C. Tyler-Kabara, MD; PhD
Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh (Contributor)

Jeremy C Wang, MD
Fellow, Atlanta Brain & Spine Care, Atlanta, GA, USA (Contributor)

Michael Y. Wang, MD
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (Contributor)

Neill M.
. Wright, MD
Assistant Professor; Department of Neurological Surgery; St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine (Contributor)

Ali Zomorodi, MD
Pediatric Neurosurgery Service; Division of Neurosurgery; Duke University Medical Center (Contributor).