American Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Botanical Pharmacognosy - Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines

Compiled by the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®, this volume addresses the lack of authoritative microscopic descriptions of those medicinal plant species currently in trade. It includes an atlas providing detailed text and graphic descriptions of more than 140 medicinal plant species and their adulterants.

Designed to meet the needs of the herbal products industry, regulatory agencies, and academic researchers, the book covers plant anatomy at a level appropriate for the pharmacognostic analysis of plant tissues, provides extensive coverage of the history and importance of botanical microscopy, and gives instruction on how to set up a microscopy lab and prepare, view, and archive whole and powdered plant parts for microscopic analysis.

The botanicals covered represent 90 percent of the dollar value of botanical sales in the United States The focus is on those species that are in high use, and those that are commonly adulterated or potentially. It also covers a number of popular Asian botanicals, providing the first English language description for many of these.

Introduction to Botanical Microscopy

Pharmacognosy: From Dioscorides to Modern Herbal Medicines

What’s in a Name? Nomenclature of Botanical Materials

To Be or Not To Be? A Focus on Botanical Adulteration

Microscopy for Identification of Botanical Raw Materials: Uses and Limitations

Setting Up a Microscopy Lab

Major Plant Groups

Structures of the Primary Plant Body and Basic Plant Anatomy

Diagnostic Characteristics of Tissues

Organization of Tissues in Medicinal Plant Parts

Preparation of Samples for Microscopic Analysis

Botanical Microscopy Atlas

Achillea millefolium L.

Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., Aconitum kusnezoffi Reicher

Actaea racemosa L. syn. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt

Aesculus hippocastanum L.

Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz

Aletris farinosa L.

Allium sativum L.

Angelica archangelica L.

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels

Arctium lappa L.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng

Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chou & S. M. Hwang

Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom

Arnica montana L.

Astragalus mongholicus Bunge syn. A. membranaceus Bunge, A. membranaceus Bunge var. mongholicus(Bunge) P. K. Hsiao

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz

Atropa belladonna L.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell syn. Bacopa monnieria (L.) Wettstein

Bupleurum spp

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb

Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.)Rich. and Cephaelis acuminata Karsten

Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray

Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton

Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch (syn. C. pubescens Vahl)

Clematis armandii Franch

Clematis chinensis Retz

Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Codonopsis tangshen Oliv

Cola nitida (Vent.) A. Chev

Coptis chinensis Franch., Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao, Coptis teeta Wall

Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC Hawthorn Fruit

Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC Hawthorn Leaf and Flower

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Hawthorn Fruit

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Hawthorn Leaf and Flower

Curcuma longa L.

Datura stramonium L.

Digitalis lanata Ehrh

Digitalis purpurea L.

Echinacea angustifolia DC

Echinacea atrorubens Nutt

Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Aerial Parts

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Root and Rhizome

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Seed

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim

Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra equisetina Bunge, E. intermedia

Epimedium spp

Equisetum arvense L.

Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt syn. E. purpureum L.

Eupatorium perfoliatum L.

Frangula alnus Mill. syn. Rhamnus frangulaL.

Frangula purshiana (DC.) J. G. Cooper syn. Rhamnus purshianaDC

Ganoderma lucidum P. Karst

Ginkgo biloba L.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC., Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin Glycyrrhiza Glabra L.

Grifola frondosa (Dicks: Fr.) S.F. Gray

Hamamelis virginiana L.

Hedysarum polybotris Hand.-Mazz

Humulus lupulus L.

Hydrastis canadensis L. Leaf

Hydrastis canadensis L. Rhizome and Root

Hypericum perforatum L.

Illicium anisatum L.

Illicium verum J. D. Hook

Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moç. ex DC.) Coville

Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Singer syn. Lentinus edodes (Berk) Singer

Levisticum officinale W. Koch

Ligusticum porteri J. M. Coult.& Rose

Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton

Lycium chinense Mill.,L. barbarum L.

Mahonia nervosa (Pursh.) Nutt

Matricaria recutita L.

Melissa officinalis L.

Mentha × piperitaL.

Mentha pulegium L.

Mitchella repens L.

Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq

Panax ginsengC. A. Mey. Root (unprocessed)

Panax ginsengC. A. Mey. Root (processed)

Panax pseudo ginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. Chow & W. G. Huang

Panax quinquefolius L.

Parthenium integrifolium L.

Passiflora incarnata L.

Paullinia cupana Kunth

Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille

Periploca sepium Bunge

Petasites frigidus (L.) Frigs

Phyllanthus emblica L

Piper methysticum G.Forst

Plantago lanceolata L.

Plantago major L.

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb

Prunus africanum (Hook f.) Kalkman (syn. Pygeum africanum Hook. f.)

Prunus serotina Ehrh

Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth . ex Kurz

Rheum spp. (Rheum officinale Baillon, Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf.)

Rhodiola rosea L.

Rumex crispus L.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Root syn. Aucklandia costus Falc.; Aucklandia lappa Decne.; Saussurea lappa Decne. C. B. Clarke

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill

Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E. H. Wilson

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

Scutellaria lateriflora L.

Senna alexandrina Mill. (syn. Cassia senna, C. angustifolia, C. acutifolia)

Senna alexandrina Mill

Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small

Serratula spp

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn

Stephania tetrandra S. Moore

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni

Symphytum officinale L. Leaf

Symphytum officinale L. Root

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg. Leaf

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg. Root

Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb

Terminalia chebula Retz

Teucrium chamaedrys L.

Trifolium pratense L.

Tussilago farfara L.

Ulmus rubra Muhl

Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC

Urtica dioica L. Aerial Parts

Urtica dioica L. Rhizome and Root

Urtica urens L.

Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton

Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Valeriana officinalis L.

Viburnum opulus L.

Viburnum prunifolium L.

Vitex agnus-castus L.

Withania somnifera L. Dunal

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Glossary of Botanical Microscopy Terminology

References and Bibliography

Index